Whatever the cause, be it trauma, newplasm, or congenital defect, the defect of the lower lip may be divided into three classes; Partial loss of the lower lip, Total loss of the lower lip, and Loss of the lower lip and associated structures. Among these, total reconstruction of the lower lip is a difficult and intrianguing problem. For succesful reconstruction of the whole of the lower lip, the following major points should be taken into consideration;
1. The flap used should be local flaps, including innervated muscle.
2. All the suture lines should be in natural facial crease.
3. The flap should be large enough to make good the tissue loss.
In reviewing literature, full thickness nasolabial fold flap, Bernard’s operation, and Diffenbach’s operation were discussed. They posses advantage and disadvantage, but in our experience, Bernard’s operation is relatively good appearance and more satisfactory function than others.
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